Voice and Ambivalence in Bless Me Ultima and Baby of the Family Essays

Voice and Ambivalence in Bless Me Ultima and Baby of the Familyâ â Â Â â Bless Me Ultima and Baby of the Family fill in as the 'transitioning' accounts of two minority youngsters. Rudolfo Anaya and Tina McElory Ansa capably uncover the extravagance, assorted variety, and clashes that can exist inside the Hispanic-American and African-American societies basically through the fantasy successions in every novel. Dreams are the component utilized in each work to amplify the individual encounters and clashes Tony and Lena experience. What's more and maybe, more critically, Tony and Lena manage inner conflict and discover their voices through the associations with different characters, yet through the goals they had always wanted. To really comprehend how necessary and ward the fantasies are in the books, a couple of definitions are all together. Dreams are characterized, not just as pictures crossing a resting individual's thoughts (Neufeldt 132). Dreams additionally incorporate the enchanted occasions or dream-like events inside every novel. Dreams are a route for each character to interface with the past and, maybe uncover what's to come. The extraordinary encounters or dreams of Tony and Lena help manage them not far off of vacillation, and in the long run lead to an enlivening or the fulfillment of 'voice.' Webster's New World Dictionary characterizes indecision as synchronous clashing emotions (13). These 'contentions' can be found in outer circumstances, and ordinarily have genuine inside suggestions. This condition is one of the characterizing components of the Hispanic-American experience. Are Hispanics foreigners or minorities? As far as religion, would they say they are Catholic or Indian? Normally, Hispanic-Americans mix the two decisions on the grounds that neither circumstance thoroughly concerns them. Perh... ... When Lena and Tony are accommodated to the whirling experiences that unfold around them, there is a goals. A resurrection of sorts happens for each character as they understand that they should take clashing belief systems and work them together to frame singular voices. Â Works Cited Ansa, Tina McElroy. Meeting with Tina McElroy Ansa by Doubleday. Book Group Corner. http://www.randomhouse.com/assets/bookgroup/handifanwith_bgc.html. gotten to 30 Oct. 2000. Callahan, John F. In the African-American Grain: The Pursuit of Voice in Twentieth-Century Black Fiction. College of Illinois Press: Urbana and Chicago. 1988. Neufeldt, Victoria, ed. Webster's New World Compact School and Office Dictionary. 1 vol. until this point in time. MacMillan: USA. 1995. Wood, Scott. Book Reviews: 'Favor Me Ultima.' Contemporary Literary Criticism. vol. 23 (1983): 22. Â Â

Taming of the Shrew Essays: Katherinas Development :: Taming Shrew Essays

The Taming of the Shrew Essay: Katherina's Development Katherina's improvement in the play, The Taming of the Shrew, is a confounded predicament for the peruser to make sense of. It is safe to say that she is truly restrained by Petruchio? Or on the other hand does she make sense of his game and choose she's in an ideal situation cooperating? Or on the other hand does she perceive her own over the top conduct in his and choose to change willingly? Or on the other hand does she truly go gaga for Petruchio and wish to satisfy her master? I think her advancement is a mix of the entirety of the abovementioned. In any case, do we, as perusers, need her to be restrained or was her underlying freedom a righteousness? Clearly Katherina's dad, Baptista Minola, hasn't regarded her just as he treats Bianca, her more youthful sister. Then again, is her irritability a reason or a consequence of this preference? Katherina is clearly an exceptionally astute lady whose blessings have no outlet in the residential organization of the family. For instance, in their first gathering, Katherina stays aware of Petruchio play on words for joke and affront for affront. Maybe her wrath is essentially the aftereffect of having no outlet for her feisty mind. Furthermore, when Petruchio tags along and regards her as an equivalent (something contrary to subduing), I think she is shocked and that is the manner by which he can plunge in and win her. In this first experience, Katherina is, without precedent for her life, expressed benevolent to by a man. She appears to be moved by Petruchio's applause. Likewise, when it shows up she has been left at the special raised area, she sobs and wishes she had never met him. I thi nk her distress is an indication of her real fondness and maybe even love for Petruchio. Before the finish of the play and in her last discourse, Katherina may appear to be really subdued, contingent upon your translation of the speech - is it real or facetious? Is it accurate to say that she is actually her ruler's honorable hireling or would she say she is pandering to him and what he needs to hear? I think she needs to give her significant other joy, yet realizes that her better half will do likewise for her. I think Petruchio and Katherina would really have an exceptionally adjusted marriage of shared regard, since they each recognize what the other is able to do.

Airbnb - Strategies for Renting Your Accomodation Online

Airbnb - Strategies for Renting Your Accomodation Online Airbnb is a new way for travelers to find short term accommodation at better prices. As one of the founder’s Joe Gebbia says,“We’re helping people be more resourceful with the space they already have and we’re connecting people around the world. We can see ourselves doing this for a decade to come â€" a generation.” © Shutterstock.com | mirtmirtIn this article, we will look at 1) what is Airbnb?, 2) the business model, 3) How to list successfully on Airbnb, and 4) advantages and disadvantages of listing on Airbnb.WHAT IS AIRBNB?The CompanyAirbnb is a consumer-to-consumer e-commerce platform that helps people find accommodation for short term rentals. At present, the company has close to 800,00 listings and is spread over 33,000 cities in 192 countries.To use the service, potential renters and hosts are required to register and make an online profile. As with many other C2C channels, a host who lists on the website has recommendations and reviews against their profile. These reviews and ratings are left by previous guests. There is also a response rating and private messaging service available to users.The company was founded in August 2008 and is based in San Francisco, California. The company managed to raise $119.8 million in venture funding by 2011. These funds came from a variety of firms i ncluding Y Combinator, Sequoia Capital, Greylock Partners, DST Global Solutions, Andreessen Horowitz, General Catalyst Partners, as well as from other independent partners. In 2014, the company received further funding from TPG capital. HistoryThe company was created by Brian Chesky and Joe Gebbia. The idea took shape in October 2007 when they moved to San Francisco. The company began as AirBed Breakfast and was created during an Industrial Design Conference that was organized by the Industrial Designers Society of America.At this point, the site offered short term living arrangements along with breakfast. This allowed the people attending the conference to find accommodation in a saturated rental and hotel market. Since the two founder had trouble paying their own rent, they converted their living room into a bed and breakfast of sorts, where as many as three guests could stay, using air mattresses and being provided with homemade breakfast.By 2008, a third partner joined the compa ny. Nathan Blecharczyk was a Harvard graduate and a technical architect. The company continued to focus on events that were of a high-profile nature and where attendees could have problems finding affordable boarding and lodging. The website for the business was officially launched in August 2008. To fund their operation, the founders worked on creating breakfast cereals. These special edition products included ideas such as Barack Obama and John McCain inspired cereals. In a short time, as many as 800 boxes of these cereal sold for $40 each and this allowed the company to raise enough money for its incubation as well as attract the attention of Y Combinator’s Paul Graham. By 2009, Graham invited the company to join Y Combinator’s winter incubator session for three months of training. This left them in the position to come back to San Francisco with a profitable business model to present to potential investors.In the same year, the website changed from Airbedandbreakfast.com to a shorter form, Airbnb expanded to a greater number of properties that included entire apartments and houses, private rooms, castles, boats, manors, tree houses, igloos and private islands among other properties.Within a year, there were 15 employees working in the apartment where the business began. Eventually, the company moved to its first office space and continued to grow. By 2010, $7.2 million were raised in a series of funding and by 2011, the company gained further investment from A Grade Investments. The actor Ashton Kutcher was a partner in this firm, and he announced the investment as well as his role as a strategic brand advisor to the company.In 2014, the company made design revisions to its site and mobile app and introduced a new logo.International ExpansionThe company also grew internationally during this time. In May 2011, the company expanded to Germany by acquiring a local competitor by the name of Accoleo. This was the first international move and the company set up its office in Hamburg. A second international office was setup in London by October of the same year. By 2012, six new offices were set up in Paris, Milan, Barcelona, Copenhagen, Moscow and Sao Paulo. In 2013, Dublin was designated headquarter for Europe. Given the service’s popularity in Australia, Thailand and Indonesia, a new office was also created in Sydney in 2013. In the same year, the company announced plans to focus more aggressively on the Asian market with a new office in Singapore.THE BUSINESS MODEL © Flickr | Gustavo da Cunha PimentaAirbnb’s business model under the business model canvas structure can be analyzed in the following way:Customer Segments Two main categories of people are seen to use Airbnb. These are personal travelers and business travelers. Personal travelers are more price sensitive and therefore flexible about the accommodation itself. While business travelers, especially those that plan to stay longer than a day or two are more likely to focus on the place itself rather than the rental amount. Another segment comprises of locally situated people such as expatriates or students.Channels The website uses several channels to reach customers. These include advertisements online, PR and word of mouth. Online marketing is aggressively focused upon, with advertisements found on a large number of affiliate sites and major search engines. PR is also a strong channel as the story of the founders is widely known, and they appear in conferences and other press event s fairly often. Word of mouth is generated by a great user experience. This means that the company works hard on ensuring that customers have an exceptional experience both before booking and after.Customer Relationships The company keeps a balanced focus on building relationships with both hosts and renters. Hosts are the public face of the company and have many options now for listing their properties. For this reason, the company works on setting up online and offline events and support to strengthen the relationship. Similarly, the renters are the ones who pay for the service. A good user experience and support is key to maintaining this relationship.Revenue Streams The company makes money by charging a commission from both the renter and the host. Both these are kept on the lower side to encourage people to continue to use the platform. The company makes efforts to discourage transactions from being completed away from the site to prevent the commission from being lost.Value Proposition The company offers hosts a chance to earn money from an underutilized asset (Their house or spare room) and offers this service internationally that increases the customer base significantly. For the renter, there is a level of trust that the property on offer is not a scam and that they can find a place to stay for a more reasonable amount than most hotels can offer.Key Activities Major activities for the business include marketing, product development and platform development and maintenance. Apart from this, there is also the community management with home owners, through online and offline events.Key Resources A key resource for the company is its wide international network of travelers. In addition to this, well networked founders and the Airbnb brand are now key resources as well. The team also has some of the best technical and design talent in the field that allows the platform to run smoothly and remain accessible and user-friendly.Key Partners A key partner for Airbnb are tourism ministries in different countries as well as other tourism related networks. Other partners include payment partners as well as investors.Cost Structure The company has three main categories of costs. These can be broadly understood as technology, marketing and sales. Technology means the cost of top programmers and technical experts as well as things such as server space and software, etc. Marketing includes advertising and PR internationally. Sales teams are present at all major offices to further the business.Airbnb USPAirbnb differs from its competitors by being more than just a space for classified advertisements. The website facilitates the entire process of listing and booking and handles all financial transactions. This means that payments are made on time and are secure. For example, a guest has to be checked in for 24 hours before the host is paid. It is free to list a property, and the commission is only charged when a transaction goes through. Th e website also offers a review system that allows actual users to write reviews. This helps make reviews more accurate. Another aspect is the extensive network globally which helps international travelers and hosts to connect with each other easily.HOW TO LIST SUCCESSFULLY ON AIRBNB © AirbnbTips for HostsHosts are people who list their properties or rooms for rent on the website. There are some basic things that every potential host of Airbnb should keep in mind. These are:Startup Costs It is important to remember that there may be some initial costs such as extra sheets and towels, as well as other household goods, and grocery items. There may also be some costs associated with maintaining the property by getting it cleaned before and after a renter.Act like a Host, Not a Landlord The Airbnb business model means that the people coming into the house are guests and not tenants. This means that a good host should make an effort to anticipate their needs. This means providing a clean house, food, extra towels, any instructions or tips for the home or the city and other items such as tea, coffee and wine. Some hosts may consider hiring a cleaning service to avoid the hassle of having to do so themselves on a regular basis. Another good idea is to send guests a w elcome email with information such as WiFi passwords and ensure that all relevant appliances such as a cooling or heating are turned on.Make Your Listing Look Attractive A successful listing on the website needs to have not only good reviews but also detailed and attractive photos. The website offers the services of a professional photographer at no cost to do this for a host. Make sure that you complete all the verifications and profile fields on the website to make sure your listing is well placed in the search results.Be Prepared to Make A Time Investment A successful Airbnb host invests some time and effort into related activities each day. This means keeping the listing optimized, responding quickly to any queries and guest related activities such as handing over keys, cleaning, answering questions, etc. It is a good idea to have the app installed on your smartphone with some responses prepared in advance to be able to quickly reply to potential guests.Be Clear on the Type of Guests You Want Not every type of traveler may be a good fit for every host. It is a good idea to be clear about who is acceptable as a guest to you. Some hosts may prefer families while others may want to avoid children.Be Prepared for a Bad Experience Though this is not common, there can be the occasional misfit who can damage or steal property. The website requires a police report to be filed in such an instance, and an insurance claim is then processed. Tips for RentersAs with hosts, there are also some basic things that renters can do to ensure a positive Airbnb experience. These include:Consider Picking a Live-in Host If a traveler wants to be able to live like a local for a few days, then a good idea would be to pick a live-in host. This is usually a more desirable option for people traveling alone. This way, there can be an informal tour guide and a temporary companion.Use Your Own Account to Make a Booking Often a reservation may be made from a friend’s account or ev en a boss or employee’s account. This can create confusion later when it is time to review the guest and for the guest to review the host. Often this step is then ignored which is unfortunate for both parties.Communicate Before Booking It is a good idea to check if the place is available before trying to make a booking. This is good for the host as it allows them to answer a query without turning away a booking and therefore maintaining a good record for reservations. It can also help save time for the renter.Read Listing Carefully It is a good idea to go through the information in the listing before deciding to either make the booking or emailing a host with questions. Most common queries are usually addressed in the listing along with any specific caveats.Don’t Treat the House as A Hotel As a renter, you are a guest in someone else’s house. It is common courtesy to pick up after yourself, leave a clean house and be considerate of neighbors.Create a Detailed Profile A com plete profile will go a long way in helping hosts finalize your request for a booking. Even if there is no renter history or reviews, an honest and detailed profile will make a positive impact. This includes an actual photo and other basic details.Haggle A host on Airbnb may be more flexible on prices than a hotel. This means there is often room to haggle on the price. It is a good idea to keep this in moderation, however because the risk is that the host will turn down a booking if the potential renter is too aggressive.Book in Advance More experienced users of Airbnb will make it a point to charge last minute travelers higher prices. This is especially true if the traveler is linked to a special event or conference. So making a reservation in advance will help mitigate this.Pay Attention to the Host’s Rules Every host has different rules for their listing. Some may allow pets or smokers while others may prefer families without children or singles. Some may even ask you to eit her pay for cleaning or do it yourself and failure to do so may lead to a penalty. Some hosts may charge extra for a guest in case of multiple travelers.ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF RENTING ON AIRBNBA few pros and cons of using Airbnb are:ProsThere is an opportunity to meet new people from within the country and also all over the world. This is true for both renters and hosts.Travelers can find accommodation that offers greater value for money as well as a different experience from a hotel.Hosts have the opportunity to make money from an unutilized resource such as a spare room or an empty house.Airbnb offers support to its users, and there is an insurance coverage for property damage or theft.Users can rate each other i.e. both renters and hosts which helps create credibility.ConsOne major risk is damage to property. Though not too common, but there are stories of difficult renters who left a damaged house and missing items in their wake.Guests may also have to deal with propert ies that do not match the listing. In addition, there may be unresponsive and unhelpful hosts that make the stay unpleasant.There may also be the occasional scammer, such as a person renting someone else’s apartment without the actual owner knowing. Image credits:  Airbnb and  Flickr | Gustavo da Cunha Pimenta under Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic.

Loanable Funds Market in Australia - 1988 Words

1. Introduction: The Reserve Bank of Australia is considering an increase in the target cash rate by 25 basis points in the near future. It is the intention of this report to analyse the positive and negative impacts of a rise in interest rates on the loanable fund market in Australia. In order to analyse the impacts of an increase in interest rates on the loanable fund market, the reasons behind the possible rate rise in the near future will be looked upon. Charts and diagrams have been used to illustrate the intention of this report and it is hoped that by looking at these vital elements the intended user will be able to understand the issue more thoroughly and follow the analysis behind it and get a clear understanding of the†¦show more content†¦Lenders would compete for borrowers, driving the interest rate down. Similarly, if the interest rate in the market is less than the equilibrium rate, the quantity of funds demanded would be greater than the quantity of funds supplied. The shortage of loanable funds would result in upward pressure on the interest rate (Mankiw, 2001). 4. Effect of demand on Interest rates for Loanable Funds: The demand on interest rates for loanable funds affects the Household sectors, Business sectors and Government sectors. 4.1 Household Sectors: The impact of a rate rise decreases the demand for the loanable funds from the household sector. As this foreseeable increase interest rate could add $50 to the monthly repayments on a $300,000 mortgage. This may discourage many new home buyers to differ from buying a house for now, due to the added costs of taking out a mortgage during a period in which interest rates are expected to be high. However, at present in Australia the demand for housing is positive and high. The household sector is doing very well, despite the Reserve Bank raising interest rates, said Westpac senior economist Andrew Hanlan (Bourlioufas Wires, 2007). 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The US Laws and Guidelines Governing Fair and Equitable...

The US Laws and Guidelines Governing Fair and Equitable Business Practices BUSN115 September 21, 2013 Professor Neal McGregor The US Laws and Guidelines Governing Fair and Equitable Business Practices The United States became one of the most influential world powers virtually overnight. The system of functionality which maintains this growth and power is the refined codes of business practices which are the cornerstone for domestic and international business relations the world over. Due to the unprecedented growth and prosperity of our nations economy and government, many countries look to us as a model of free enterprise for other nations. One doctrine of thought is the United States belief that our government†¦show more content†¦One great example of this type of relationship is the two businesses Macintosh and Windows. Historically they have always been in constant competition with one another, which has ultimately benefitted the people of the world by fueling competitive innovation. [1] â€Å"National competition law usually does not cover activity beyond territorial borders unless it has significant effects at nation-state level.† One law, which helps protect businesses and promotes fair competition for the benefit of the consumers, is the US Anti-Trust law. This law is comprised of three different acts: The Sherman Act 1890, the Clayton Act 1914 and the Federal Trade Commission Act 1914. The first role these acts perform is to restrict the formation of cartels which would perform outside of the guidelines of the government and there for not be bound by there laws. The second role these acts perform is to ensure no single business entity can perform a certain level of mergers and acquisitions, which would essentially turn them into a monopoly and reduce competition. 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Do or die Free Essays

Good and evil, are two separate things. Good represents virtue, righteousness, and honor where as evil represents hatred, anger, and cruelty. The Crucible shows characters that represent not only goodness, but evil as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Do or die or any similar topic only for you Order Now The ones who represent true love and good are John Proctor and Elizabeth Proctor. They both show what goodness is in Salem and who is the real witch or devil. Abigail Williams is a young irl who claims she is cursed by the devil and that people are sending devils to kill one another. Abigail represents evil in Salem in the worst ways possible. In the novel The Crucible, written by Arthur Miller, shows how John Proctor and Elizabeth Proctor are representing the angels that portray love and respect, as Abigail Williams represents the role of the devil’s child which portrays hatred. Love comes from deep affection as a mother, sister, or even a child. The two married couple, Elizabeth and John Proctor both represents what real love and goodness is in this book. â€Å"l have no love for Mr. Parris. It is no secret. But God I surely love† (94). In this quote, it shows the honesty John Proctor claims. Everyone in Salem keeps up with rumors and never speaks up the truth. John Proctor does not act as a hypocrite and rather expresses his feeling of honesty towards Mr. Parr’s. â€Å"Do what you will. But let none be your Judge. There is no higher Judge under Heaven than Proctor 39). In this quote Elizabeth Proctor explains that although everyone Judge the Proctors, John should know only God is his Judge, and under heaven there is no Judge higher than himself. Although goodness expresses love and care, there is always evil in everyone’s life. Hatred expresses extreme aversion or hostility. Abigail Williams is a young girl who claims her and a group of girls have been possessed by witch craft. Abigail shows her affection by accusing innocent civilians in Salem claiming†¦ How to cite Do or die, Papers

Management Accounting CSR Quotient Benefits

Question: Describe about the Management Accounting for CSR Quotient Benefits. Answer: Corporate Sustainability Reporting The corporate sustainability reporting can also denote as CSR reporting. CSR helps any and every kind of organization to evaluate the wide range of sustainability issues enabling them to have a better insight of the opportunities or risks they might have in near future. CSR is considered very flexible as it is used by the organization, the organization is free to evaluate its CSR progress in any deliberate way they choose to. But on the other hand if every company starts making out a different meaning and utilization of it then there would be chaos and it would very hard to find out what the reporting is actually meant for (Brockett Rezaee, 2013). The CSR do have its own quotient of benefits. It instills discipline in the orders of the organization and helps the organization to think of its long term goals and visions, thus raising the awareness of practicing sustainable practice in the company as a whole. A large section of the corporate world has agreed that it does increase the bar code of discipline and also helps the long term visions of the company for the future. The CSR does help to track the performance of the organization and thus gives another reason that the process should be well integrated with the business strategy to gain long term gains. The sustainability reporting does attract the attention of the organization towards the sustainability practices. These helps in reducing the cost in various aspects of the business and thus on a larger note increases the efficiency of the organization. Of the various advantages that the CSR has - increasing momentum along with sustainability in the organization, helps in better communication with the stakeholders, it is also a good utility tool to communicate with the employees, other organizations and also other local groups. And last but not the least it has the ability attract younger generation as talent does get attracted to issues related to the sustainability of the business (Paul, 2008). Costs and benefits of Corporate Sustainability Report There does have costs as there are benefits and especially if the report is not prepared properly. Setting a weak goal for the organization can invite danger in term of business as a whole. To produce a good report the data collected and presented should be up to the mark otherwise and do the reverse of what it is meant to do ("Corporate Progress: Opposites Attract, Corporate and nonprofit partnerships yield benefits for both", 2008). A good company always weighs the social, financial and environmental performances and then prioritize its sustainability in the reports. To receive advice or data verifications from the clients and stakeholders some discounts needed to be provided. And producing these reports for short-term goals does not pay its total dividends. But along with these risks, there are benefits too. The Corporate sustainability report enhances the company's image and reputation, it helps in in the removal of the organization's negative publicity or helps in the better dev elopment of its image. It does promote a better organization behavior as the employees tend to stay back with the employer which keeps them happy and also do take care of them. And more importantly, helps the organization to understand the risks and opportunities. So whenever there is an opportunity they are able to grab it or improve themselves during risks ("Global Corporate Sustainability Report 2013", 2013) . Types of concepts and standards associated with Sustainability reports To have a better sustainability report the economic analysis is done to evaluate the external factors which impact the operations of the organization, mainly industrial trends and external factors. These factors do affect the economic outlook which affects the brand creation and thus in turn the capital formation (Simnett, 2012). The industrial analysis is done to have a better understanding of the competitive forces in operation and the potential of the organization to create sustained value. It is also done to evaluate the external factors which might affect other industries leading on to portfolio risks. During the creation of these reports the company strategy evaluation is done to have a better understanding of the quality of the management and the strategy being used thus helps in evaluating the companys strength to retort to emergent trends. Then finally valuation is done to consider traditional assumptions and parameters of valuation which do include capital average cost and cash flow to have a better understanding of the material sustainability (McGarr, 2015). Figure 1: Corporate Sustainability Reporting Source - https://www.oliverrussell.com/stuff/contentmgr/files/0/488e65cdde7746b6bebc5dd7671297a4/files/chart.png Conclusion CSR should be part of every organization as it helps in having a better understanding of the organization. It helps to know the internal as well as the external factors that may affect the working of the organization. Although while dealing with this reporting the data collection and evaluation should be done properly as if there is any mistake then it might affect the organization not only on short-term note but may affect it over a long period of time. References Brockett, A. Rezaee, Z. (2013).Corporate sustainability. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Corporate Progress: Opposites Attract, Corporate and nonprofit partnerships yield benefits for both. (2008).Sustainability: The Journal Of Record,1(5), 304-307. https://dx.doi.org/10.1089/sus.2008.9934 Global Corporate Sustainability Report 2013. (2013).UN Global Compact Reports,5(1), 1-28. https://dx.doi.org/10.5848/ungc.5720.2014.0009 McGarr, T. (2015). Asset Management International Standards and Associated Standards.Engineering Technology Reference. https://dx.doi.org/10.1049/etr.2014.0043 Paul, K. (2008). Corporate Sustainability, Citizenship and Social Responsibility Reporting.Journal Of Corporate Citizenship,2008(32), 63-78. https://dx.doi.org/10.9774/gleaf.4700.2008.wi.00007 Simnett, R. (2012). Assurance of sustainability reports.Sustainability Accounting, Management And Policy Journal,3(1), 89-98. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/20408021211223570

Some Aspects Of Vietnamese Culture In Child Rearing Practices Essays

Some Aspects of Vietnamese Culture in Child Rearing Practices I decided to focus my last cross-cultural research project on child rearing practices of the Vietnamese people and how they differ from that of my own. Included in my work are noteable differences I have found through my reading, research, discussions, interviews, & surveys. I have conducted my interviews not only through live person-to-person speech, but I have also utilized the internet and entered chatrooms to speak to Vietnamese people as well. I hope that my research is of interest, and can be informative and educational as it surely has been for me. During my interview with a co-worker I was told about a proverb and that most Vietnamese parents are aware of: ng con h?n nhi?u c?a (it is far better to have more children than goods). The number of children in a family is unlimited. The child rearing practices of the Vietnamese people differ from area to area (ie. North, Middle and South Vietnam), and amongst people with different educational levels and generation. Therefore, the following information I have presented should be used as a guide and based on the kind of behavior specified. During Pregnancy and Child Birth Like most Americans, most of Vietnamese women living in the city have their child born in hospital, but in the villages or country towns however, an untrained midwife M? V?n- rural midwife, or even the mother or mother-in-law or female relatives can assist the women during their labor (Hassan et al., 1985). There were no routine check ups during women's pregnancy in rural areas. Check ups started in the late 1960's in the large cities or country towns since the establishment of hospitals and medical clinics. In cities women would see a doctor particularly when they have problems; women in rural areas rarely visit a doctor. Unlike America with its pregnancy "how-to" classes, exercise classes are unknown in Vietnam. Pregnant women in the countryside are even expected to carry out all normal duties of housework or to help their husband in the rice-field until childbirth, whereas in America we follow our expecting mothers with a quick pillow. Shockingly I also found out that even In the delivery room the attendance of a husband is unusual. Chinese medicine sold legally in Chinese medicine shops are often used by Vietnamese women. Particular herbs are common as treatment for certain illness to help relieve pain and to speed up the labor process and to have a quick healthy birth. Strict rules to obey during the ante and post-natal The mother or mother-in-law is the principal person playing a significant role in assisting, observing and applying some very strict rules to the pregnant woman: ? She has to walk slowly so she cannot fall over as this can create a premature labor. ? She cannot sleep too much because it is believed that it may prolong the labor, instead she needs to be actively involved in housework. ? She is supposed to avoid any horror stories, films, or pictures as they could badly affect the embryo's mind. During this time anger, anxiety, frustration etc. are considered as bad attitudes, and good manners are stressed for the mother so that the child can learn and behave accordingly. Listening to sweet and soft music would amuse the mother and help the unborn child to developing 'artistic' skills in the future (Mitchell, 1980). During the pregnancy, dietary taboos are invoked to protect the fetus and the woman. An additional and important aspect of prenatal care is food restrictions, which have been determined by the application of traditional medical theory. In the first trimester, the expectant mother is considered to be weak, cold and non-tonic. She is prescribed hot foods including ginger, black pepper, and alcohol to correct the excess of cold, while cold foods such as spinach, melon, and green papaya, and anti-tonic foods such as vinegar, pineapple, and lemon, are avoided assiduously (Mathews & Manderson, 1981:70). In the second trimester, she moves to a neutral state in which cold foods may be introduced in moderation. To provide the energy for the mother and the healthy development for the fetus, during the first six months, tonic foods are regularly introduced. In contrast, the last trimester the woman is considered

Study of the Effect of Systems of Vulcanization on the Properties of Natural Rubber (RSS).

Study of the Effect of Systems of Vulcanization on the Properties of Natural Rubber (RSS). Free Online Research Papers Abstract: Dynamic vulcanization of natural rubber (RSS) was studied. The effect of methods of vulcanization, i.e. sulphur, sulphurless and peroxide on mechanical, rheological properties, thermal ageing and weathering tests were investigated. Swelling behavior of when using sulphur, sulphurless and peroxide were investigated. Accelerators of mercapto class gave medium scorch time they gave faster onset of cure than peroxide but slower than thiurams which gave the fastest onset of cure of accelerators as a whole, Viscosity of the compounds tended to increase from peroxide, sulphurless, to sulphur system. Vulcanizates with thiuram and a little sulphur showed higher tensile strength, elongation at break and lower modulus than sulphur system. The peroxide system was lower in tensile strength than both sulphur and sulphur-less system but had higher elasticity value more than other systems Thiuram cured accelerators with low sulphur gave better resistance to ageing than sulphur system. Perox ide vulcanizates gave excellent ageing characteristics. In toluene the resistance was weak for all systems however it showed the smallest ratio in peroxide system. Sulphur system showed the best resistance for processing oil (37) and peroxide system showed more resistivety than sulphur-less system Key words: rubber, mechanical properties, viscosity, swelling, ATR-FTIR, ageing 1. Introduction Vulcanization is an important stage for manufacturing rubber products, which deals with the formation of three dimensional networks. By this means, the overall elasticity and strength of rubber products could be achieved. In general, there are three main types of rubber vulcanization, namely, sulphur, sulphur-less and peroxide vulcanization. Sulphur vulcanization is the most popular system for general purpose diene rubbers (NR, IR, SBR, and BR). Owing to its low cost, easy availability, good processing and physical properties. By using accelerators, the efficiency of the rubber-sulphur reaction can be improved the activation energy of vulcanization decreases from 270 kJ/mol to 80-125 kJ/mol the number of sulphur atoms required to form each crosslink reduces from 40-50 to below 10 (1 and 2).Articles cured on the low-sulphur vulcanization have good resistance to ageing . It should be notted that that this property depends on the amount of free sulphur at the vulcanizate. The smaller this amount, the better the resistance to ageing. Very small proportion of sulphur don’t appreciably reduce the ageing resistance but they raise the degree of cross linkage very much and it is therefore customary to use some sulphur in conjunction with thiuram accelerator (3 and 4).Despite giving relatively low mechanical properties, the peroxide vulcanization is still used in the rubber products requiring high thermal resistance. Peroxides typically react with the rubber molecules via the hydrogen abstraction, leading to highly active sites on rubber molecules known as free radicals. The main key responsible for properties of the peroxide cured vulcanizates is, in general, the state of cure normally depends mainly on cure temperature (5). 2. Materials and methods Table (1):Details of materials: Material. Ingredients. Elastomer. Ribbed Smoked Sheets (RSS). Filler. High Abrasion Furnace Carbon black (HAF). Accelerators Tetra methyl thiuram disulphide (TMTD) Mercaptobenz thiazole (MBT). Dibenz thiazyl disulphide (MBTS). Dicumyl peroxide (DCP) Di-o-tolylguanidine(DOTG) Activators. Zinc oxide Stearic acid Softeners. Processing oil 37 Anti oxidant. Antioxidant irganox 1010. 2.1. Mixing and vulcanization procedures This was accomplished on a laboratory calender with two horizontal cylinders (200mm. diameter and working length of 400 mm) the revolving speed of the front slower cylinder was 16 r.p.m. and hind roll speed 20 r.p.m . The hollow cylinders were cooled by means of flushing water in order to regulate temperature not to exceed 60 ?C during different stages of mixing. The mix kept at room temperature for 24 h before testing. Table (2): Compounding ingredients incorporated in RSS during vulcanization according to different systems of vulcanization. Composition (phr) S S-less Peroxide RSS 100 100 100 Zinc oxide 5 5 5 Stearic acid 1 1 1 Antioxidantirganox1010 1 1 1 Carbon black (HAF) 45 45 45 Processing oil (37) 5 5 5 Sulphur 2.5 0.5 MBTS 1 MBT 1.5 TMTD 2.5 DOTG 1 DCP 3 2.2. Cure Characteristics Cure characteristics were studied using a Monsanto Moving Die Rheometer (Zwick 4308) according to ASTM D 2240-93. Samples (4 g) of the respective compounds were tested at the vulcanization temperature (150 ?C). The use of this curemeter and standardized values read from the curve is specified in ASTM D 2084. Some of these recommended values that are important to know for this study are ML: Minimum torque in N.m or lbf.in. MH: Maximum torque where curve plateaus are in N.m or lbf.in. tx: Minutes to x% of torque increase, tx = minutes for torque value equivalent to In rubber terminology, t90 is defined as â€Å"optimum cure time† ML + x(MH ? ML)/100. 2.3. Mooney Viscosity. Mooney viscometer is probably the most widely used method for measuring the quality of natural rubber (6). This viscometer was invented by Melvin Mooney, US Rubber Company, in the 1930s and is now used to measure the viscosity of both natural and synthetic rubber worldwide. This method consists of rotating a special serrated rotor while embedded in a rubber sample within a sealed, pressurized, serrated, temperature controlled cavity. The rotor turns at a constant rate of 2.0 revolutions min?1 (0.21 rad s?1) and the resulting torque is measured. This test imparts a shear rate of only 1 s?1 (7). The Mooney viscosity results are reported in arbitrary Mooney Units (MU) which is based on torque as defined by ISO 289 and ASTM D1646. The Mooney viscosity was determined by using a Monsanto automatic Mooney viscometer (MV 2000) at 120 ?C. The testing procedure was conducted according to the method described in ASTM D 1646-94. : 2.4. Vulcanization Process Rubber sheets (3 mm thick) were compression moulded at 150 ?C with force of 10 MPa using a hot press according to respective cure times, t90, determined with the (Zwick 4308). 2.5. Tensile Properties Dumb-bell-shaped samples were cut from the moulded sheets according to ASTM D 412. Tensile test were performed at a cross-head speed of 500 mm/min. Tensile testing was carried out with (universal testing material Zwick 1425) 2.6 Hardness Properties Samples of at least 12 mm thickness with flat surface were cut for hardness test. The measurement was according to ASTM D2240 using Durometer of Model 306L Type A. The unit of hardness is expressed in (A Shore). 2.7. Rebound Resilience Rebound resilience is a very basic form of dynamic test in which the test Piece is subjected to one half-cycle of deformation only. The strain is applied by impacting the test piece with an indentor which is free to rebound after the impact. Rebound resilience is defined as the ratio of the energy of the indentor after impact to its energy before impact expressed as a percentage and, hence, in the case where the indentor falls under gravity, is equal to the ratio of rebound height to the drop height, which is the measure square of velocities before and after impact and timing gates have been added to apparatus to enable automation of the data reading. The test is performed by (digi test Ruckprall 567 BJ.06). 2.8. Swelling Study Swelling was studied in toluene, benzene and processing oil 37; according to ASTM D 471-79. Cured test pieces of the compounds of dimension 30Ãâ€"5Ãâ€"2 mm were weighed using an electrical balance and this was taken to be the initial weight, M1(8). Calculation of the change in mass was as follows: Swelling percentage= [(M2?M1)/M1] Ãâ€"100 Where M1 is the initial mass of specimen (g) and M2 is the mass of specimen (g) after immersion. When a cross linked polymer is brought into contact with a solvent, the network absorbs a certain amount of liquid which depends strongly on the molecular weight of this liquid and the degree of cross linking of the polymer (9and 10).The mass and dimensions of the polymer will be changed due to the penetration of the solvent into the swollen specimen. Therefore, the swelling process may lead to deformation or destruction of the sample microstructure. May result in the absorption of the liquid, extraction of soluble constituents and chemical reaction. The volume change is a good general measure of the resistance of a rubber to a given liquid. A high degree of swelling indicates that the rubber is not suitable for use in that environment (11). 2.9. ATR-FTIR Measurements Were run with a JASCO instrument (FT/IR-6100typeA in the following conditions: wave number range: 600-4000 cm-1; aperture setting: 3.5mm mm; scanner velocity: 2.2 kHz; background scan time: 32 sec; sample scan time: 32 sec; resolution6 cm–1; beam splitter: KBr; angle of incident radiation: 45o. After recording, the ATR-FTIR spectra were converted into transmission FTIR spectra. The plate samples (6 x 6 mm) were simply posed on the sampling stage, in intimate contact with the optical element, a hemi cylindrical prism of SeZn (called Internal Reflection Element (IRE)). The incident radiation arrives onto the sample with a certain angle usually, between 30 and 60o) to the normal of the sample plane. Then, the reflected (beam is collected by a mirror, which focuses the reflected radiation onto the detector. 2.10. Aging of Rubber The effects of aging on rubber were studied in many researches to determine the time-dependent effects on NR compounds. The bulk of the research into the aging of rubber has concentrated on the oxidative effects. Oxidative effects occur when oxygen attacks the unsaturated bond along the backbone of the poly isoprene (12). Braden and Gent (13). have defined the characteristics of static crack growth due to ozone. They concluded the following: critical tearing energy is necessary for cracks to grow, crack length increases linearly with time, and the rate of crack growth is proportional to the ozone concentration. Lake and Lindley (14). expanded the work of Braden and Gent by examining the role of ozone in the cracking and fatigue of rubber. Lake (15). demonstrated that there is a threshold value for tearing energy below which all crack growth is attributable to ozone. LaCounta et al. (16). Studied tire rubber subject to aging due to multiple factors. They developed an outdoor acceler ated aging simulator, using a number of aging factors. The aging factors included heat, ozone, UV light, dynamic stretching, and aqueous solutions. 2.10. 1. Thermal Ageing The air ageing was conducted in an air oven (modelFC712, Blue M Electrical Co.) at various times at 90 ?C the aged samples were allowed to rest at room temperature for 16 h and the physical properties were then measured. 2.10. 2. Weathering Ageing Experiments were carried out in a modified Q-Panel QUV ® weathering device equipped with UVA-340 lamps. A partition of polycarbonate panels was placed down the centerline of the instrument and sealed with silicone RTV to isolate the two sides. The water chamber was sealed on one side to eliminate humidity. Copper coils cooled with flowing tap water were placed near the center wall of both sides. Two 4? muffin fans were mounted inside each half to circulate air. The fans were mounted in unused sample positions to bring in outside air and more cooling.) The wiring was modified to allow heating of the water chamber independently from the light cycle timer. By passing dry compressed air into the â€Å"dry† side, the relative humidity could be maintained at nearly 0%. By bubbling air though the water bath (maintained at 45  °C), the relative humidity could be maintained at about 45%.Samples with formulations shown in Table1were cut to 0.5? Ãâ€" 1.25? (1.3 Ãâ€" 3.2 cm) and adhered to the center portion of a 6? Ãâ€" 12? aluminum panel using silicone RTV in a single 3 Ãâ€" 9 array. In this series, the samples were exposed to U.V for 200 hours. The samples were subjected to rain, wind and humidity conditions in an alternative manner every 3 minutes for a half minute. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Rheometer properties Table (3): Data obtained by an oscillating disc rheometer for the vulcanization process using different accelerators and different system of vulcanization of RSS. Rheometer Properties S S-less Peroxide Scorch time(minute) 2.3 1.746 1.976 Optimum cure time 10.19 4.28 30 (minute) Rate cure index 12.67 39.46 3.56 (minute-1) t1( initiation time) 2.2 1.7 1.9 M max (Nm) 3.3 3.6 3.05 (maximum torque). M min (Nm) 0.4 0.9 0.885 (minimum torque). The lowest value of optimum cures of the three vulcanization systems (highest rate cure index) in the sulphur-less system, low sulphur vulcanization with thiuram accelerator gave a very good vulcanization plateau, the sulphur system of vulcanization using mercapto accelerators (semi ultra accelerator) gave a faster onset of cure than peroxide system which gave longer cure time and shorter induction time .The minimum torque, a measure of the stock viscosity, showed a slight increase with sulphur-less system this indicated that the processing ability of the compounds became a little more difficult, rubber was already cross-linked, and didn’t easily flow in the matrix, so would reduce the flow and consequently increased the torque 3.2 Viscosity Properties Table (4): Viscosity results according to different systems of vulcanization Viscosity Properties S S-less Peroxide MV (Mooney Viscosity) 36 31.5 29.9 LM (Lowest Mooney) 35.7 31.4 29.8 MAX.Mooney 74.2 58.5 54.9 (Maximum Mooney) MrLX Mooney 2.1 1.3 1 (Stress Relaxation) Table (4) represents the effect of accelerator type on Mooney viscosity Even though only a small amount of accelerator it noticeably influenced the Mooney viscosity of the compound. Obviously, the results revealed that the compound viscosity depends on the accelerator type, i.e., viscosity of the compound tended to increase from DCP, TMTD, MBTS to MBT. It could be observed that the effect of accelerator type on compound viscosity corresponds well with the melting point of the accelerators (the melting points of DCP, TMTD, MBTS and MBT are 38, 137,175 and 179.1  °C, respectively). The higher the melting point of the accelerator, the greater the Mooney viscosity of the compound In addition to the compound viscosity the torque increases for a few seconds to a maximum value (Vmax), then decreases very rapidly to reach a minimum value LM) in many cases, and lastly rises again at varying speeds to a plateau (VR or ML (1+4)120) reached after 2–4 min depending on the sample. 3.3. Physico-mechanical Properties Vulcanizates with thiuram and a little sulphur has a synergism effect giving a good cross linking. Thus having higher tensile strength, elongation at break and lower modulus than sulphur system. The peroxide system was lower in tensile strength than both sulphur and sulphur-less system but had higher elasticity value more than other systems Table (5): Physico-mechanical properties of RSS according to different system of vulcanization. Physico-mechanical S S-less Peroxide Properties Tensile strength 155 214 122 (Kg/cm2) Elongation at break % 718 816 540 Modulus at 200% 33 31 35 Hardness(shore A) 64.7 63.3 59.1 Elasticity% 35 37 39 Hardness showed a slight increase via vulcanization with sulphur system rather than vulcanization with thiuram system and the modulus value was higher in sulphur system than sulphur-less system which was higher than peroxide system. 3.4. Results of Equilibrium Swelling in Toluene, Benzene and processing oil. The obtained value of swelling in processing oil 37 showed that sulphur system gave the best resistance for oil and peroxide system showed more resistivety than sulphur-less system, in toluene and benzene peroxide system showed the best resistance Figure 1: Equilibrium swelling of RSS in toluene, benzene and processing oil 37 3.5. ATR-FTIR Measurement of RSS According to Different Systems ofVulcanization By changing the system ofvulcanization ,incorporation of different accelerators characteristic peaks appeared elucidating each system and difference between bonds formed via each system 3.5.1.ATR-FTIR Measurement of Sulphur System of RSS Figure 2: IR spectra of sulphur system of RSS Very weak signals for the samples range4000-3200cm-1 for the samples the vibrations responsible for bands in this region are O-H stretching organic acids and phenols it was obvious at peak 3703Cm-1. we assume that the activator (stearic acid) and the antioxidant ignorax1010 were completely incorporated in the polymer blends the same assumption should be considered in the case of the other polymer additives , the peak at 2926Cm-1 corresponded to C-H stretch, the C=O group of saturated aliphatic carboxylic acids was absorbed at 1687 Cm-1, the peak at 1606 Cm-1 due to symmetric ring stretch corresponded to aromatic accelerators, antioxidant and processing oil incorporated , peak at 1528 Cm-1 due to carboxylate ester., CH2 scissoring bend is represented by peak at 1459 Cm-1,C-N tertiary amine due to thiazole accelerators represented by peak at 1283 Cm-1, peak at 889 Cm-1 due to vinyl C-H bend, peak at 724 Cm-1 represented CH2S,Peak at 574Cm-1due to S-S stretching 3.5.2. ATR-FTIR Measurement of Sulphur- less System of RSS Figure 3: IR spectra of sulphur-less system of RSS Peak at 3297Cm-1 and Very weak signals for the samples range 4000-3300 Cm-1 vibrations responsible for bands in this region are O-H stretching organic acids, phenols and N-H stretch aromatic secondary amine due to incorporation of DOTG accelerator , the peak at 2926Cm-1 corresponds to C-H stretch the C=O group of saturated aliphatic carboxylic acids absorbed at 1748 Cm-1 , the peak at 1600 Cm-1 due to the symmetric ring stretch , peak at 1550 Cm-1 due to carboxylate ester., CH2 scissoring bend appeared at 1428 Cm-1,C-N tertiary amine due to incorporation of TMTD represented by peak at 1375 ,1283 Cm-1 , Peak at 1247 Cm-1 indicated DOTG aromatic secondary amine stretch , Peak at 1043Cm-1due to C-O ether linkage, peak at 878 Cm-1 due to vinyl C-H bend , Peak at 746 Cm-1 due to CH2 rocking, peak at 665 Cm-1 due to thio ether stretch, peak at 724 Cm-1 represented CH2S, Peak at 574 Cm-1 indicated S-S stretching. 3.5.3. ATR-FTIR Measurement of Peroxide System of RSS Figure 4: IR spectra of peroxide system of RSS Peak at 3254 Cm-1 and Very weak signals for the samples range 4000-3200 cm-1 responsible for bands in this region are O-H stretching organic acids and phenols the C=O group of saturated aliphatic carboxylic acids absorbed at 1750 Cm-1 the peak at 2926Cm-1 corresponded to C-H stretch, the peak at 1600 Cm-1 due to the symmetric ring stretch , peak at 1533 cm–1 due to carboxylate ester,CH2 scissoring bend is represented by peak at 1422 Cm-1, peak at 1262 Cm-1 due to aromatic ether , peak at 1031 Cm-1 due to C-O ether linkage, peak at 877 Cm-1 due to vinyl C-H bend , peak at 745 Cm-1 due to CH2 rocking , peak at 685 Cm-1 due to Cis C-H bend , here it was observed the lack of S-bonding characteristic peaks 3.6. Ageing Properties 3.6.1. Change in Physico-mechanical Properties of Aged Samples at 90 ?C (Geer Ageing) for Different Periods According to Different Systems of Vulcanization of RSS. Peroxide vulcanizates gave excellent ageing characteristics, thiuram cured accelerators with low sulphur had a better resistance to ageing than sulphur system. 3.6.1.1.Change in Tensile Strength (Kg/Cm2) Upon thermal ageing at 90 ?C, all the systems of vulcanization showed a further increase in tensile strength. And then decreased .This was due to the formation of additional crosslinks during thermal ageing Rubber samples are usually cured in industry only to 90%. The allowance of 10% is generally kept to accommodate the introduction of crosslinks in the matrix during service. When were subjected to thermal ageing at 90 ?C, the formation of additional crosslinks got accelerated. However, the tensile strength of all samples decreased due to the degradation of crosslinks. Figure 5: Effect of thermal ageing on tensile strength of RSS according to different systems of vulcanization 3.6.1.2. Change in Elongation at Break% The effects of different cross linking systems on elongation at break of un aged and aged samples are represented below. It had been found that the elongation at break of the vulcanisates decreased due to thermal ageing. The decrease in elongation at break could be attributed to the weakening of the matrix after thermal ageing. However, in peroxide system the increase in number of cross links may also contribute it. Figure 6: Effect of thermal ageing on elongation at break % of RSS according to different systems of vulcanization 3.6.1.3. Change in Modulus at 200% The modulus increased after ageing at 90 ?C. This was probably due to the formation of additional crosslinks. The modulus was found to increase with the periods of subjecting the samples to accelerated ageing till 250 hours. Figure 7: Effect of thermal ageing on modulus at 200 % of RSS according to different systems of vulcanization 3.6.1.4. Change in Hardness (Shore) The hardness was found to increase with the periods of subjecting the samples to accelerated ageing till 250 hours. Figure 8: Effect of thermal ageing on hardness of RSS according to different systems of vulcanization 3.6.1.5. Change in Elasticity % The elasticity was deteriorated for all the samples and the deterioration increased with increasing the period of subjection to accelerated ageing. Figure 9: Effect of thermal ageing on elasticity % of RSS according to different systems of vulcanization 3.6.2. Deterioration in Physico-mechanicalProperties of RSS After 200 Hours Using Xenon Apparatus (Weathering Test Results) It was found that peroxide system gave the best resistance of all systems used to U.V, radiation, artificial rain and hot air produced by xenon apparatus. The effects of different crosslinking systems on elongation at break of un aged and aged systems are represented in Table 6. It had been found that the tensile strength and elongation at break of the vulcanisates decreased due to weathering ageing. The decrease in elongation at break could be attributed to the weakening of the matrix. The modulus and hardness were found to increase with the periods of subjecting the samples to accelerated weathering test. The elasticity was deteriorated for all the samples Table (6): Deterioration effect due to subjecting RSS mixtures to weathering ageing Deterioration% S S-less peroxide Tensile strength (kg/cm2) 10.32 8.87 5.7 Elongation at break% 13.64 8.08 6.8 Modulus at 200% -14.2 -12.1 -9.6 Hardness(shore) -4.48 -4.2 -3.38 Elasticity% 8.5 5.1 3.5 (deterioration %) = (value before ageing – value after ageing) / value before ageing Ãâ€" 100 Conclusion Since the crosslinking are carbon-carbon bonds peroxide vulcanizates gave excellent ageing characteristics and high resilience, but their strength tear, and mechanical properties were inferior to sulphur and sulphurless vulcanizates the cure rate was slow and the induction periods was short. Thiuram cured accelerators with low sulphur have better resistance to ageing than sulphur system and good physico-mechanical properties that is characteristic of sulphurless crosslinking reactions. In toluene the resistance was very weak for all systems however it showed the smallest ratio in peroxide system. Sulphur system showed the best resistance for processing oil (37) and peroxide system showed more resistively than sulphurless system. The weathering test showed that deterioration is at least in peroxide system. Acknowledgements: The authors are thankful to all staff members of National Research Center, A.R.E for helpful suggestions. References (1) L. Bateman, C.G. Moore, M. Porter and B. Saville. In: L. Bateman, Editor, The chemistry and physics of rubber-like substances, Wiley, New York (1963) [Chapter 19]. (2) Moore, C.G. and M. PORTE (1962). ? THE STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF Natural Rubber Vulcanizates , Revenue General Caoutchouk,vol. 39, p 1768. (3) W. Hofmann, Vulcanization and vulcanizing agents. , Maclaren, London (1967). (4) B.H. To. Rubb. World 217 August (1998), p. 19. (5) R.L. Fan, Y. Zhang, F. Li, Y.X. Zhang, K. Sun and Y.Z. Fan. Polym. Test.20 (2001), p. 925 (6) Bristow GM, Westall B. Molecular weight distribution of natural rubber. Polymer, London, 8:609. (7) Brown RP. Guide to Rubber and Plastics Test Equipment, 3rd ed. Shawbury, RAPRA Technology, 1989. p. 22. (8) H. Ismail and S. Suzaimah. Polym. Testing 19 (2000), p. 879. (9) H.J. Cantow and R.H. Rschuster Polym. Bull. 8 (1982), p. 225. (10) A.N. Gent and G.L. Lui J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. 29 (1991), p. 1313 (11) A. Tager, Physical Chemistry of Polymers. , Mir, Moscow (1972). (12) G.J. Lake, Aspects of fatigue and fracture of rubber, Prog. Rubber Technol. (1983), pp. 89–143. (13) B.J. LaCounta, J.M. Castroa and F. Ignatz-Hoover, Development of a service-simulating, accelerated aging test method for exterior tire rubber compounds, J. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 75 (2002), pp. 213–227 (14)G.J. Lake and P.B. Lindley, Role of ozone in dynamic cut growth of rubber, J. Appl. Sci.9(1965), pp. 231–254. [15] B. Amram, L. Bokobza, J.P. Queslel and L. Monnerie, Fourier-transform infrared dichroism study of molecular orientation in synthetic high cis-1,4-polyisoprene and in natural rubber, Polymer 27 (1986), pp. 877–882. [16] R.M. Fischer and W.D. Ketola, Error analysis and associated risks for accelerated weathering results. In: J.W. Martin, R.A. Ryntz and R.A. Dickie, Editors, Service life prediction: challenging the status quo, Federation of societies for coatings technology (2005), pp. 79–92. Research Papers on Study of the Effect of Systems of Vulcanization on the Properties of Natural Rubber (RSS).Riordan Manufacturing Production PlanBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfGenetic EngineeringOpen Architechture a white paperDefinition of Export QuotasIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductResearch Process Part One19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice

Can art be functional and design artistic Essay

Can art be functional and design artistic - Essay Example According to Hansson (2005), artworks such as paintings, poems, plays, etc. are created exclusively for the intention of providing aesthetic experiences. Nevertheless, the field of architecture and industrial design, objects are made not only made with the purpose of fulfilling the aesthetic criterion, but also mainly of service and function. This concept gives rise to functional arts, which refers to art that has a purpose such as furniture, pottery etc. The combination of these two characteristics led to the evaluation of how these two characteristics of arts relate to each other. Furthermore, this paper aims to discuss if art can both be functional and design artistic. Visual Arts Visual arts refer to art forms that are fundamentally visual in nature. Examples of these are painting, sculpture, photography, drawing, design, filmmaking, video and architecture, ceramics, printmaking, and crafts (Sutton, 2000). However, such definition encompasses other artistic disciplines such as co nceptual arts, performing arts, and textile arts as well as applied arts, which include industrial design, fashion design, graphic design, and decorative arts (Leaman, 2004). In addition, this concept of visual arts cannot always be the case applied in modern art. The distinction of its usage, however, was accentuated by the artists in whose interests in vernacular art forms were valued in as much of excellent forms of art during the Arts and Crafts Movement. During this period in the 20th century, an individual can only be considered as an artist if he works under the discipline of fine arts, which includes painting or sculpture. An individual is known otherwise if he works on handicrafts alone which founded a strong contrast between fine arts and crafts because the latter was not considered to be a form of a visual art at this era (Barone & Eisner, 2012). Also, the practice of visual arts may be attributed to historical aspects that prompted traditional artists to probe into the c hanging dynamics embedded into the visual culture as manifested in the application of knowledge in the arts. Among all other forms of visual arts, painting is regarded as the highest form of visual art in Western and Eastern regions because of its complexity and aesthetic effects. In China, scholar painting is considered to be the highest technique of painting (Sullivan, 2010, p. 3). Functional and Design Artistic In a general sense, a form of art is constrained in its function. Instead of using art as the artist’s way of expressing his or her inner thoughts, feelings, or emotions, the visual nature of an art can have a greater value when its graphic form or appeal has a functional characteristic. This type of artwork is referred to as functional arts, which do not only bring an aesthetic attribute to the design, but a function that serves it purpose to mankind. The creation of this design centers on the fusion of environmental elements complementing each environmental charac teristic and striking a balance of nature and design (Cairo, 2012). Significantly, such characteristic contributes to a better appreciation in gaining a valuable insight or understanding the relationship between the art form and its function. For instance, most objects of the Indian art form are normally used in performing a service like using certain objects as a container, or providing other means of worship (Dockstadder, 2013). Another example of functional arts is the furniture at

Personal Responsibility and Individual Accountability Essay - 2

Personal Responsibility and Individual Accountability - Essay Example He was appointed as the Creative Team Member and thus his responsibility was to understand the creative elements within the campaigns and assist the remaining team members as per the ‘consistency’ theme within those campaigns. (Moses, 2000) Alan’s strengths were his ability to recognize the difference between the aesthetically sound designs and the ones which could not propagate many variations within the consumerism avenues. He knew what will sell and hence advocated his designs in such a manner that the element of commercialism was depicted in his work. He also remembered designs pretty well and this can also be marked as one of his major strengths. He could differentiate whose work meant a certain theme and which designer was well-equipped to handle a particular kind of task. On the job, Alan learned a great deal about being responsible, getting things done in an effective and efficient way, to liaise with the remaining team members, to manage his own self, gain interdependence and properly align his working regimes with the time slots which were devoted to his individualized as well as team’s works. (Keigher, 1996) Alan taught me that it was all about the passion to do something in a particular field and to have a certain belief that a person can actually do it. He taught me that being responsible does come from within, more so if the destination is in sight. Also, motivation is a much-cherished aspect that one could have for his own betterment. Alan’s story is somewhat similar to mine. I had been reckless in the past but now I have taken a leaf out of Alan’s book. I have taught myself that it is good to be persistent within a task and dedicate one’s own self whole-heartedly towards a task – as this alone will mean success.

The Effect of Enzyme Concentration on Reaction Rate

The Effect of Enzyme Concentration on Reaction Rate Determination of the effect of enzyme concentration on catalysis using starch an amylase. INTRODUCTION Enzymes are said to be catalytic proteins which increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being altered in the process of that reaction. [1] A substrate is a substance which an enzyme acts upon. No bond is formed between the enzyme and the substrate in the reaction thus the enzyme goes back to its original shape and can be used again.[2]An enzyme binds to a substrate via the active site thus forming an enzyme substrate complex They are very specific in their reaction and also to the substrate they are binding with. Enzymes function correctly when the shape of the substrate matches the enzymes active site and their functioning is dependent upon its three dimensional structure. They undergo catalysis by lowering the activation energy so that more molecules will be activated thus having the reaction occurring more easily [1] [2] In this experiment amylase is use to break down the starch molecules. Starch is the substrate used and amylase is the enzyme. There is a change when amylase reacts with starch. There is a release of a disaccharide maltose. As time increases there will less abundance of starch and more of the sugar present. So when this is added to iodine the blue/black colour will decrease to a light yellow shade.[4] The concentration of the enzyme is important in chemical reaction as it is needed to react with the substrate. Often a small amount of enzyme can consume a large amount of substrate. But as enzyme concentration increases so is the availability of active sites thus these will convert substrate molecules into products. What this is basically saying is that if the enzyme concentration is to be increased there needs to be an excess of substrate present which in other words means that the reaction must be independent of the concentration of substrate.[3] Apart from the concentration of substrate and enzyme there are other factors which can also influence the enzyme to function to its optimum capacity. These include temperature, pH, and inhibitors. Higher temperature would allow for more collisions to occur therefore allow substrate to bind to the enzymes active site more frequent. Since enzymes work at a certain temperature range activity would decline once this range would have been exceeded and the enzyme is denatured. Each enzyme has its own optimum where it functions best. Pepsin, an enzyme found in our stomach, works best in acidic conditions. Some enzymes becomes denatured thus deactivated when pH goes up down. I predict that the rate of the reaction will increase as the concentration increases and vice versa. The reaction will occur fast once the enzyme is added but it will slow down upon descending to the last test. I also believed that only a few of the test tube will produce a blue/black colour since the starch present in the solution will be hydrolyzed. Apparatus/Materials Water Buffer solution ( pH 6.8) 1% starch solution 1% amylase solution (Saliva) Dropper 3 beakers 3 10 ml measuring cylinders 12 test tubes Test tube rack Timer Method: Four test tubes were labeled A D 2 ml of water was measured and placed in test tube A. 2 ml of amylase (saliva) was measured and placed in the same test tube. Again 2 ml of water was measured and placed in a second test tube, test tube B, and to this 2 ml of the solution in test tube A was added. Another 2ml of water was added to a third test tube, test tube C , and to this , 2ml of the solution from test tube B was added. A further 2ml of water was added to test tube D, and to this 2 ml of solution from test tube C was added. Two milliliters of solution from test tube D was discarded so that all will have equal amounts of solution. Forty drops of buffer solution was added to test tube A . Eight (8) test tubes were collected and placed in a test tube rack. Two drops of iodine solution was placed into each using a dropper. To tube A 0.5 ml 1% starch solution was added. One drop of solution from tube A was immediately transferred to test tube #1 containing iodine solution. The dropper was properly rinsed. After 1 minute, one drop of solution from tube A was added using the dropper to the second tube containing iodine. The dropper was rinsed thoroughly. This was done for all the other test tubes that remained. The contents in all eight iodine test tubes were discarded. The tubes were thoroughly rinsed and dried for use in the next round of tests. Steps 6 11 was repeated for test tubes B,C,and D. RESULTS Test Tube Test Tube with Iodine Observations A B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Dark brown solution with small amounts of blue/black grains. These were apparent 17 seconds after adding solution A Dark brown grainy solution. Orange brown solution with particles which were also orange -brown Light orange brown solution. No grainy particles present Lighter orange brown solution Yellow brown solution Yellow brown solution. This was lighter than tube No. 6 Light yellow brown solution. This was exceptionally lighter than the others. Blue- black with coarse particles. Small traces ( 320 seconds) Orange brown solution Light orange brown solution with grains present Orange brown solution with tiny grains present Orange brown solution Orange brown solution Light orange brown solution Light orange brown solution C D 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Dark brown with small traces of black particles (fewer than with tube B) (455 seconds) Orange brown solution Orange brown solution Orange brown Dark orange brown Dark orange brown Very dark brown solution with a few grainy particles Very dark brown with lots of grainy particles Dark brown solution with very small traces of black grains ( 560 seconds) Dark orange brown, no grainy particles present Dark orange brown solution Orange brown solution Orange brown solution Yellow/ orange- brown solution Yellow brown solution Light yellow brown solution The graph shows how the concentration of the enzyme affects the overall rate of the reaction. A higher concentration of the enzyme will produce a faster occurring reaction than a lower concentration. From the graph as time proceeds the reaction rate drops significantly. DISCUSSION: This lab exercise demonstrated the ability of an enzyme to hydrolyze the substrate molecule. The enzyme used was amylase and the substrate was starch. The starch is what the amylase actually acts upon to give the end products i.e amylase breaks down starch. Substrate ENZYME Products Enzyme concentration and substrate concentration play a vital role in enzymatic activity. The more enzymes available, the quicker the reaction will occur until the substrate is all used up More substrates will also mean quicker activity, until the enzyme is fully saturated so that it cannot continue increasing its activity.[1] Based on the results obtained from tube A, a blue/black colouration was noted. This indicated that there was significant amount of starch present. Iodine is an indicator for the presence of starch. This same colour was noted for tubes B- D but the traces of blue /black colour decreased from tube A -D. As the tests proceeded to the last tube, the colour of the solution for each set changed from a dark brown solution to light yellow and in some cases to a light orange brown solution. A reasonable explanation for this is that there are fewer enzymes present as you move from tube A-D thus the starch will not be broken down. When there is an insufficient amount of enzyme present the reaction will not progress as quick as it would because the active sites present are occupied. If the concentration or amount of enzymes is increased then this would make provision for an increase in reaction rate. Reaction rate would increase due to the fact that there will be more active sites that are unoccupied. However, if there is an excess of enzyme molecule, the rate would not increase if more is added but it would reach at a point where it would level off.[2] Another reasoning behind the colour change in that after the amylase reacted with the starch there will be a discharge of maltose which is a disaccharide. Less starch will be present as time proceeds and more maltose will be present. In addition less starch will be available to react with iodine thus the blue/black colour will decrease. The predictions made were moderately correct since a lower concentration of enzyme produced a reaction which was slow and one that had less products being formed. Various factors could have affected the results of the lab which may have given some amount of inaccuracy. These include temperature and pH. The enzyme perhaps would have functioned better in a certain temperature range instead of normal room temperature. CONCLUSION Based on the results obtained from the experiment it can be concluded that the concentration of enzymes influences the rate of a chemical reaction. If enzyme concentration is decreased then the reaction rate will also decrease. If there is sufficient enzyme to bind with substrate then the reaction will proceed fast and if there are insufficient enzymes present then the reaction will slow down

The Dragon Creature as Fairy Tail Creature

Dragons, for example, are usually giant fearless creatures that destroy anything and everything in their way. They capture maidens, kill knights and possess extraordinary confidence, but the dragon in this poem shows none of those characteristics. The majority of his section is filled with complaints about his portrayal in the painting. like the angle he was painted at, and he is upset that two of his feet weren't in the painting. He also has no interest in the maiden that he has captured, he actually finds her quite ugly. All he is worrying about is what people are going to think of him, when usually a dragon wouldn’t care, all they want to do is kill, and capture, but this dragon shows little confidence or interest in those tasks.Traditionally maidens are supposed to be pure at heart and pure at mind, but this maiden is in no way like that. She is very much attracted to the dragon who has captured her and she has no interest in being rescued, by the possibly ugly knight. Her lust towards that dragon is very strong, and her supposed â€Å"pure† mind is actually quite dirty. Unfortunately, her little crush must end because the dragon was defeated, which meant she might as well run off with the Knight who â€Å"saved† her, because she needs to think about her future.The knight in this story cares little about the maiden he is saving and more about his credibility as a Knight. He has all the latest horse, and weapons, and he is the most qualified to slay the dragon. He wants to finish the job that was assigned to him and he doesn't understand why this maiden won't just get out of his way so he can rescue her and add another achievement to his already stacked resume. He portrays a more modern mind then the customary knight, and work is most important to him. Each speaker from each section is showing a different side, then readers would usually see or expect, and the sides they are showing are pretty unpleasant which is why the poem is called à ¢â‚¬Å"Not My Best Side†. There is also humor added to the usually serious love story.the dragon, unlike it's mythological counterpart has quite a sophisticated vocabulary, use of adjectives like ‘ostentatiously beardless' and the idiom ‘old chap' suggests an intelligent, well spoken, stereotypical British,  Upper Class gentleman, the antithesis of a ferocious monster. The line ‘Not my best side, I'm afraid.', reveals the dragon's self conciousness and obsession with appearance, a reocurring theme.The nouns ‘artist' and ‘pose' indicate the poem is about a character in a painting and the dragon is highly critical of both the painter, ‘Poor chap, he had this obsession with Triangles, so he left off two of my Feet.' and the other characters, ‘Why should my victim be so Unattractive as to be inedible,'. It is the comical and conversational tone that makes the dragon so likeable and lots of rhetorical questions draw the reader in, particul arly ‘(What, after all, are two feet To a monster?)' which, enclosed in brackets gives the impression the dragon is addressing the reader directly.Continuing the pattern of reversing the stereotypes, the girl is presented as a slightly feminist, with a mind of her own, ‘It's hard for a girl to be sure if She wants to be rescued.', not the†¦.

Barn Burning

Antonio Webb Professor Debra Germany English 2336 14 November 2012 Barn Burning In â€Å"Barn Burning†, a short story by William Faulkner, a boy finds that he can no longer be governed by his father’s ideas and tries to prevent his father from doing further harm, and leaves his family in the process. Sarty Snopes desire is to break away from the moral deficiency of his family life and live life with some resemblance of normalcy even at the expense of never seeing his family again.A growing body of evidence, suggest that humans have a moral sense from the very start of life and family does not instill this moral compass from the very start of life. His father was a man of little or no education who had developed an attitude in life of catering to no one but himself even at the expense of his family. The story begins with Mr. Snopes on trial for burning a neighbor’s barn after sending a black man over for his hog and actually warning the man that hay and wood burn. Shortly afterwards the neighbor’s barn burned and the story begins in a court of the Justice of the Peace. Sarty, is remembering all this and the details of the court room which was actually a storeroom in a grocery store. The man whose barn was burned asks that the boy testify and the judge is hesitant as this was not proper protocol in that time. The man says the boy does not have to testify and the case is dismissed due to lack of witnesses. The boy says he would have had to tell the truth had he been forced to testify even though he has a very real fear of his father.The father actually hits the boy who had defended the family honor by fighting someone in the crowd calling them barn burners. The father knows the boy would have testified and he tells him that they have to stand together against the world. This is obviously a common occurrence in the young mans life and always ends up the same, they are told to move on and never come back. They all gather in their wagon and leave, the wife, her twin sister, his two sisters, and his older brother. They all are afraid of the father and dare not question him or his authority.The central theme of the story begins with the last move when the family moves onto property owned by a Major De Spain and take up residence in a tenant farm house belonging to the major. The boy and the father ride over to the Majors house which is larger than anything the boy had seen in his life he compared the house to the courthouse. As they approach the door the father steps in a large pile of horse manure. The black man at the door tells the father to wipe his feet before coming in and also announces that Major De Spain is not home.The father forces the door open and enters the home, leaving a path of mud on the rug which turns out to be an expensive rug from France. When the Major returns home and discovers the condition of the carpet he rolls it up and takes it to the Snopes residence where he instructs the father to clean i t and return it as it was. The father makes the boys and the two sisters, clean the rug and then returns it to the Major. The Major tells Mr. Snopes that he will have to pay twenty bushels out of his labor to pay for the rug. Mr. Snopes takes the Major to court to have his payment overturned.Mr. Snopes thinking that washing it would be sufficient finds out that it is not. The judge shows some leniency reducing the payment to ten bushels of corn and five dollars. The father is not happy with this and decides once again to burn the Majors barn as he orders his son to get the kerosene against his wife’s wishes who says at least send a black man again like you did before. The young boy who by now has decided in his heart that this cannot go on and is restrained by his mother even though the father wants to physically tie him to his bed so he cant warn the Major.The father by now has headed towards the Majors house. The boy breaks away from his mother and heads for the Majors hous e on foot, arriving there he warns the household about their barn and then runs out the door not knowing where he is headed. The Major rides by him on his horse and somewhere up ahead the boy hears a shot and then two more. The constellations wheeled on. It would be dawn and them sun-up after a while and he would be hungry, But that would be to-morrow and now he was only cold, and walking would cure that.His breathing was easier asleep because he knew it was almost dawn, the night almost over. He could tell that from the whippoorwills. They were everywhere now among the dark trees below them. He got up. He was a little stiff, but walking would cure that too as it would the cold, and soon there would be the sun. He went on down the hill, toward the dark woods within which the liquid silver voices of the birds called unceasing –the rapid and urgent beating of the urgent and quiring heart of the late spring night. He did not look back. Baym,Nina) He knows that his father is torn between love and righteousness and feels sorrow for his father but knows in his heart he can longer live this way of life. While the story never mentions his age, Barn Burning is a sad story of a young mans life who knew what was right and wrong and does what has to be done in the end as conscious would not allow him to continue with his fathers way of life. However this story illustrates how morality is not developed within the family, but something that is instilled within us all in the first early years of life.By the age of six months babies have already developed a strong moral code, according to psychologist. They may be barely able to sit up, let alone take their steps, crawl or talk, but researchers say they can still tell the difference between good and evil. An astonishing series of experiments is challenging the view that human beings are born as â€Å"blank slates† – and that our morality is shaped by our experiences. Instead, they suggest that concepts of good and bad may be hard-wired into the brain at birth.In one experiment involving puppets, six-month-old babies showed a strong preference for good helpful characters-and rejected unhelpful, â€Å"naughty† puppet, some babies went further- and dished out their own punishment with a smack on its head Professor Paul Bloom, a psychologist at Yale University in Connecticut, whose department has studied morality in babies for years, said: A growing body of evidence suggest that humans do have a rudimentary moral sense from the very start of life. You can see some glimmers of moral thought, moral judgment and moral felling even in the first year of life. Some sense of ood and evil seems to be bred in the bones. In one experiment involving puppets, six-month old babies showed a strong preference for â€Å"good† helpful characters- and rejected unhelpful, â€Å"naughty† ones. In another, when asked to take away treats from a â€Å"naughty† puppet, some babies w ent further—and dished out their own punishment with a smack on its head. (Derbyshire, David) Professor Paul Bloom, a psychologist at Yale University in Connecticut, whose department has studied morality in babies for years, said â€Å"A growing body of evidence suggests that humans do have a rudimentary moral sense from the very start of life.You can see glimmers of moral thought, moral judgment and moral feeling even in the first year of life. Some sense of good and evil seems to be bred in the bones† Which is not to say that parents are wrong to concern themselves with moral development or that interactions with their children are a waste of time? Socialization is critically important. But this is not because babies are young children lack a sense of right and wrong; it’s because the sense of sense of right and wrong that they naturally possess diverges in important ways from what we adults would want it to be, Dr Nadia Reissland, of Durham University, said b abies start to learn he difference between good and bad from birth. â€Å"Everything hinges on who decides what is normal†, she said. (Derbyshire, David) Infants fall into the preconvention level of moral development according to the theories of Lawrence Kohlberg. This involves two orientations: punishment and pleasure seeking. Infants respond to their environment primarily to seek pleasure and meet their needs. They show joy by smiling, cooing and laughing when they are fed, comfortable and feeling safe. As they grow, they learn to make choices in response to punishment, such as being told no or having an object taken from them.Meeting an infant’s basic needs through consistent care and positive social interactions simultaneously nurtures their moral development and trust in their caregivers. (Smith-Vratny, Lisa) Two noteworthy individuals, Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg, studied the moral development of children. Piaget looked at how children develop moral reasoni ng. He found that Two noteworthy individuals, Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg, studied the moral development of children. Piaget looked at how children develop moral reasoning. He found that young children have a much more primitive understanding of right and wrong behavior than do older children.Piaget determined that younger children judge bad behavior by the amount of damage caused by a person’s behavior. He would tell children a story with a moral dilemma. He would ask them to tell him â€Å"who is naughtier† a boy who accidentally broke fifteen cups or a boy breaks one cup trying to reach a jam jar when his mother is not around. Younger children attributed the â€Å"naughty† behavior to the boy who broke the most cups regardless of the other child’s intent. A huge amount of growth and physical development occurs during the first years of a baby’s life.These early stages of development are critical in laying the foundation for the babyâ€℠¢s future. Therefore, it is important to be aware of the normal development milestones for a baby, and how to encourage his or her learning and behavior. (Huxley, Ron) In conclusion the Snopes family lack of morality clearly influenced Sarty this is evident in the beginning of the story when the boy is willing to lie to insure that his father is acquitted of any wrong doing but somewhere along the way he could no longer contribute to their way of life.Somewhere along the way Sarty realizes everything the family is doing is wrong and its hurting peoples lives. The research indicates that you can see glimmers of moral thought, moral judgment and moral feeling in the first year of life, what happen to the Snopes family along the way that the son would have more moral judgment than the family. This illustrates that family can only develop morality or withdraw away from it; essentially good and evil is something that seems to be bred in the bones. Works Cited Derbyshire, David http://www . ailymail. co. uk/news/article-1275892/Were-born-moral- Babies-tell-good-evil- months. html Bloom, Paul http://www. nytimes. com/2010/05/09/magazine/09babies- t. html? pagewanted=all&_r=0 Smith-Vratny Lisa   http://www. livestrong. com/article/180598-moral-social-development-in- infants/#ixzz2C9gL5co8 Smith, Peter   http://www. lifesitenews. com/news/archive//ldn/2010/may/10051009 http://www. essentialbaby. com. au/baby/baby-stages-of-development/the-moral-life-of-babies- 20100513-v0u0. html Huxley, Ron http://www. christian-mommies. om/ageless/handle-emotions/moral-development-of-children- knowing-right-from-wrong/ Sigelman and Elizabeth A. Rider. Life-Span Human Development. California: Wadsworth, 2003. Caroll E. Izard. Measuring Emotions in Infants and Children. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982. Heidi Murkoff and Sharon Mazel. What to Expect the First Year. Sydney: Harper Collins, 2009. Jean Piaget. The Origins of Intelligence in Children. New York: International U niversity Press, 1952. Gillies, Christine http://suite101. com/article/the-developmental-milestones- f-a-baby-a314799 Baym, Nina, gen. ed. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Vol. C,D, and E (a three- volume set) 8th ed. New York:Norton, 2012 http://www. childrensmoraldevelopment. com/index. html Bersoff, David M. and Joan G. Miller. â€Å"Culture, Context, and the Development of Moral Accountability Judgments. † Developmental Psychology29, no. 4 (July 1993): 664–77. Schulman, Michael, and Eva Mekler. Bringing Up a MoralChild: A New Approach for Teaching Your Child to BeKind, Just, and Responsible. rev. ed. New York: Main Street Books/Doubleday, 1994. Barn Burning In William Faulkner’s Barn Burning, ten year old Colonel Sartoris Snopes, is forced to confront an ethical uncertainty that questions his loyalty to his family against the higher concepts of justice and morality. Satoris decision on whether to do right by family or do the right thing according to law are controlled by a life of violence, conflict, constantly overwhelmed of fear, grief and despair. He knows that peace, joy, and dignity are the alluring promises of a different kind of life one that seems far away from the one his father has headed. Abner Snopes, Sartoris father is a serial arsonist who has convinced himself he has rights to unleash his destructive revenge on anyone whom he believes has wronged him. Barely having charges dropped against him for belief that he burned down a landowners barn whom the family were short term tenants, Abner finds himself in a confrontation with De Spain an affluent landowner whom Abner and his family will work for. Sartoris finds himself in the middle of this all trying to decide if loyalty to his family is more important than loyalty to the law is the moral imperative. Sartoris is marked with pride after taking a punch from a boy that accused Abner of barn burning, wanting to believe that his father will turn from his criminal ways he remains loyal to his family standing up to anyone who bad mouths his father. This pride is short lived once Sartoris realizes his father is planning to burn the barn of De Spain after their confrontation about the rug being soiled and mistakenly burned. Sartoris then begins to understand family loyalty comes at to great a cost and to heavy a burden, he then goes on to warn De Spain of the burning. As a result his father is killed presumably shot to death by De Spain. This is a mark of freedom and a chance at peace and happiness even though they still wind up alone. Barn Burning Antonio Webb Professor Debra Germany English 2336 14 November 2012 Barn Burning In â€Å"Barn Burning†, a short story by William Faulkner, a boy finds that he can no longer be governed by his father’s ideas and tries to prevent his father from doing further harm, and leaves his family in the process. Sarty Snopes desire is to break away from the moral deficiency of his family life and live life with some resemblance of normalcy even at the expense of never seeing his family again.A growing body of evidence, suggest that humans have a moral sense from the very start of life and family does not instill this moral compass from the very start of life. His father was a man of little or no education who had developed an attitude in life of catering to no one but himself even at the expense of his family. The story begins with Mr. Snopes on trial for burning a neighbor’s barn after sending a black man over for his hog and actually warning the man that hay and wood burn. Shortly afterwards the neighbor’s barn burned and the story begins in a court of the Justice of the Peace. Sarty, is remembering all this and the details of the court room which was actually a storeroom in a grocery store. The man whose barn was burned asks that the boy testify and the judge is hesitant as this was not proper protocol in that time. The man says the boy does not have to testify and the case is dismissed due to lack of witnesses. The boy says he would have had to tell the truth had he been forced to testify even though he has a very real fear of his father.The father actually hits the boy who had defended the family honor by fighting someone in the crowd calling them barn burners. The father knows the boy would have testified and he tells him that they have to stand together against the world. This is obviously a common occurrence in the young mans life and always ends up the same, they are told to move on and never come back. They all gather in their wagon and leave, the wife, her twin sister, his two sisters, and his older brother. They all are afraid of the father and dare not question him or his authority.The central theme of the story begins with the last move when the family moves onto property owned by a Major De Spain and take up residence in a tenant farm house belonging to the major. The boy and the father ride over to the Majors house which is larger than anything the boy had seen in his life he compared the house to the courthouse. As they approach the door the father steps in a large pile of horse manure. The black man at the door tells the father to wipe his feet before coming in and also announces that Major De Spain is not home.The father forces the door open and enters the home, leaving a path of mud on the rug which turns out to be an expensive rug from France. When the Major returns home and discovers the condition of the carpet he rolls it up and takes it to the Snopes residence where he instructs the father to clean i t and return it as it was. The father makes the boys and the two sisters, clean the rug and then returns it to the Major. The Major tells Mr. Snopes that he will have to pay twenty bushels out of his labor to pay for the rug. Mr. Snopes takes the Major to court to have his payment overturned.Mr. Snopes thinking that washing it would be sufficient finds out that it is not. The judge shows some leniency reducing the payment to ten bushels of corn and five dollars. The father is not happy with this and decides once again to burn the Majors barn as he orders his son to get the kerosene against his wife’s wishes who says at least send a black man again like you did before. The young boy who by now has decided in his heart that this cannot go on and is restrained by his mother even though the father wants to physically tie him to his bed so he cant warn the Major.The father by now has headed towards the Majors house. The boy breaks away from his mother and heads for the Majors hous e on foot, arriving there he warns the household about their barn and then runs out the door not knowing where he is headed. The Major rides by him on his horse and somewhere up ahead the boy hears a shot and then two more. The constellations wheeled on. It would be dawn and them sun-up after a while and he would be hungry, But that would be to-morrow and now he was only cold, and walking would cure that.His breathing was easier asleep because he knew it was almost dawn, the night almost over. He could tell that from the whippoorwills. They were everywhere now among the dark trees below them. He got up. He was a little stiff, but walking would cure that too as it would the cold, and soon there would be the sun. He went on down the hill, toward the dark woods within which the liquid silver voices of the birds called unceasing –the rapid and urgent beating of the urgent and quiring heart of the late spring night. He did not look back. Baym,Nina) He knows that his father is torn between love and righteousness and feels sorrow for his father but knows in his heart he can longer live this way of life. While the story never mentions his age, Barn Burning is a sad story of a young mans life who knew what was right and wrong and does what has to be done in the end as conscious would not allow him to continue with his fathers way of life. However this story illustrates how morality is not developed within the family, but something that is instilled within us all in the first early years of life.By the age of six months babies have already developed a strong moral code, according to psychologist. They may be barely able to sit up, let alone take their steps, crawl or talk, but researchers say they can still tell the difference between good and evil. An astonishing series of experiments is challenging the view that human beings are born as â€Å"blank slates† – and that our morality is shaped by our experiences. Instead, they suggest that concepts of good and bad may be hard-wired into the brain at birth.In one experiment involving puppets, six-month-old babies showed a strong preference for good helpful characters-and rejected unhelpful, â€Å"naughty† puppet, some babies went further- and dished out their own punishment with a smack on its head Professor Paul Bloom, a psychologist at Yale University in Connecticut, whose department has studied morality in babies for years, said: A growing body of evidence suggest that humans do have a rudimentary moral sense from the very start of life. You can see some glimmers of moral thought, moral judgment and moral felling even in the first year of life. Some sense of ood and evil seems to be bred in the bones. In one experiment involving puppets, six-month old babies showed a strong preference for â€Å"good† helpful characters- and rejected unhelpful, â€Å"naughty† ones. In another, when asked to take away treats from a â€Å"naughty† puppet, some babies w ent further—and dished out their own punishment with a smack on its head. (Derbyshire, David) Professor Paul Bloom, a psychologist at Yale University in Connecticut, whose department has studied morality in babies for years, said â€Å"A growing body of evidence suggests that humans do have a rudimentary moral sense from the very start of life.You can see glimmers of moral thought, moral judgment and moral feeling even in the first year of life. Some sense of good and evil seems to be bred in the bones† Which is not to say that parents are wrong to concern themselves with moral development or that interactions with their children are a waste of time? Socialization is critically important. But this is not because babies are young children lack a sense of right and wrong; it’s because the sense of sense of right and wrong that they naturally possess diverges in important ways from what we adults would want it to be, Dr Nadia Reissland, of Durham University, said b abies start to learn he difference between good and bad from birth. â€Å"Everything hinges on who decides what is normal†, she said. (Derbyshire, David) Infants fall into the preconvention level of moral development according to the theories of Lawrence Kohlberg. This involves two orientations: punishment and pleasure seeking. Infants respond to their environment primarily to seek pleasure and meet their needs. They show joy by smiling, cooing and laughing when they are fed, comfortable and feeling safe. As they grow, they learn to make choices in response to punishment, such as being told no or having an object taken from them.Meeting an infant’s basic needs through consistent care and positive social interactions simultaneously nurtures their moral development and trust in their caregivers. (Smith-Vratny, Lisa) Two noteworthy individuals, Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg, studied the moral development of children. Piaget looked at how children develop moral reasoni ng. He found that Two noteworthy individuals, Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg, studied the moral development of children. Piaget looked at how children develop moral reasoning. He found that young children have a much more primitive understanding of right and wrong behavior than do older children.Piaget determined that younger children judge bad behavior by the amount of damage caused by a person’s behavior. He would tell children a story with a moral dilemma. He would ask them to tell him â€Å"who is naughtier† a boy who accidentally broke fifteen cups or a boy breaks one cup trying to reach a jam jar when his mother is not around. Younger children attributed the â€Å"naughty† behavior to the boy who broke the most cups regardless of the other child’s intent. A huge amount of growth and physical development occurs during the first years of a baby’s life.These early stages of development are critical in laying the foundation for the babyâ€℠¢s future. Therefore, it is important to be aware of the normal development milestones for a baby, and how to encourage his or her learning and behavior. (Huxley, Ron) In conclusion the Snopes family lack of morality clearly influenced Sarty this is evident in the beginning of the story when the boy is willing to lie to insure that his father is acquitted of any wrong doing but somewhere along the way he could no longer contribute to their way of life.Somewhere along the way Sarty realizes everything the family is doing is wrong and its hurting peoples lives. The research indicates that you can see glimmers of moral thought, moral judgment and moral feeling in the first year of life, what happen to the Snopes family along the way that the son would have more moral judgment than the family. This illustrates that family can only develop morality or withdraw away from it; essentially good and evil is something that seems to be bred in the bones. Works Cited Derbyshire, David http://www . ailymail. co. uk/news/article-1275892/Were-born-moral- Babies-tell-good-evil- months. html Bloom, Paul http://www. nytimes. com/2010/05/09/magazine/09babies- t. html? pagewanted=all&_r=0 Smith-Vratny Lisa   http://www. livestrong. com/article/180598-moral-social-development-in- infants/#ixzz2C9gL5co8 Smith, Peter   http://www. lifesitenews. com/news/archive//ldn/2010/may/10051009 http://www. essentialbaby. com. au/baby/baby-stages-of-development/the-moral-life-of-babies- 20100513-v0u0. html Huxley, Ron http://www. christian-mommies. om/ageless/handle-emotions/moral-development-of-children- knowing-right-from-wrong/ Sigelman and Elizabeth A. Rider. Life-Span Human Development. California: Wadsworth, 2003. Caroll E. Izard. Measuring Emotions in Infants and Children. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982. Heidi Murkoff and Sharon Mazel. What to Expect the First Year. Sydney: Harper Collins, 2009. Jean Piaget. The Origins of Intelligence in Children. New York: International U niversity Press, 1952. Gillies, Christine http://suite101. com/article/the-developmental-milestones- f-a-baby-a314799 Baym, Nina, gen. ed. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Vol. C,D, and E (a three- volume set) 8th ed. New York:Norton, 2012 http://www. childrensmoraldevelopment. com/index. html Bersoff, David M. and Joan G. Miller. â€Å"Culture, Context, and the Development of Moral Accountability Judgments. † Developmental Psychology29, no. 4 (July 1993): 664–77. Schulman, Michael, and Eva Mekler. Bringing Up a MoralChild: A New Approach for Teaching Your Child to BeKind, Just, and Responsible. rev. ed. New York: Main Street Books/Doubleday, 1994.